資料來源:Divi C, et al. Int J Qual Health Care. 2007;19(2):60-67
步驟
官方名稱
語言重點
S
SETTING UP the Interview
安排環境與開場
P
Assessing the Patient’s PERCEPTION
先問對方已經知道什麼
I
Obtaining the Patient’s INVITATION
確認對方想知道多少
K
Giving KNOWLEDGE and Information
給預警、用白話、分段講
E
Addressing the Patient’s EMOTIONS with Empathic Responses
先接住情緒再繼續
S
STRATEGY and SUMMARY
總結並談下一步
各步驟的實用句型
P(了解對方的認知):Before I go over the results, can you tell me what you understand about your condition so far? / What have you been told up to this point?
I(確認想知道多少):Some people want to know every detail; others prefer just the overall picture. Which would you prefer? / Would you like me to go through the details, or focus on what happens next?
K(給預警再說明):I’m afraid I have some difficult news to share. / Unfortunately, the results are not what we had hoped for.
E(回應情緒):I can see this is a lot to take in. / Take all the time you need. / I wish I had better news.
S(總結與計畫):Let me summarize what we’ve discussed, and then we can talk about the next steps. / What questions do you have for me right now?
K 這步有個語言技巧值得記:先給一句預警(warning shot)再講內容,讓對方有幾秒鐘準備。直接說出結果,對方往往接下來什麼都聽不進去。
N — Naming(說出情緒):It sounds like you are frustrated. / I can see that this news is upsetting.
U — Understanding(表達理解):I can only imagine how difficult this must be. / It makes sense that you would feel that way.
R — Respecting(給予肯定):I’m impressed by how you’ve been managing all of this. / You’ve been through a lot.
S — Supporting(表達支持):I want you to know that we’ll be here with you through this. / You won’t be going through this alone.
E — Exploring(進一步探問):Tell me more about what worries you most. / What is going through your mind right now?
Naming 那句 It sounds like you are frustrated 是 VitalTalk 官方頁面的示範句型。用 It sounds like 或 I can see 開頭比直接斷定 You are angry 溫和,也留了修正空間。
另一個相關框架是 Ask-Tell-Ask(Back 等人,CA Cancer J Clin, 2005):先問對方知道什麼、再說明、最後再確認理解。同一篇文章點名了幾種應避免的溝通模式,包括 blocking(迴避議題)、lecturing(單向說教)、premature reassurance(過早給保證)。過早保證特別值得注意——I’m sure it will be fine 這類話在資訊不足時說出口,往往關閉了對話。
確認對方真的聽懂了:teach-back 的問句設計
Teach-back 的核心是一個語言選擇:不要問是非題。
Do you understand? 幾乎一定會得到 yes——不論對方是否真的懂。有效的做法是請對方用自己的話說一次:
I want to make sure I explained this clearly. Could you tell me in your own words what we decided today?
When you get home and your family asks what the doctor said, what will you tell them?
Just so I know I did a good job explaining — how will you take this at home?
S — Situation:現在發生什麼事。This is [name] from [ward]. I’m calling about [patient], in room [x].
B — Background:相關背景。He was admitted three days ago for [reason]. His relevant history includes…
A — Assessment:你的判斷。I think we may be dealing with [X]. / I’m not sure what’s going on, but I’m concerned.
R — Recommendation:你要對方做什麼。Could you come and see him within the next thirty minutes? / I’d like to request an urgent review.
IHI 對 R 的定義寫得特別清楚:Recommendation 是 action requested/recommended — what you want。這正是非母語者最常漏掉的一步——講完狀況就停住,等對方自己判斷。明確講出你要什麼、以及時間期待,是跨國團隊裡最重要的語言習慣。
不確定或需要協助時的句型也要準備:I’m not comfortable with how he looks — could you take a look? / I’d feel better if someone senior reviewed this. 在英語系醫療團隊裡,明確表達顧慮不是示弱,而是被期待的行為。
依 Baile 等人 2000 年發表於 The Oncologist 的原始論文,六步驟為 SETTING UP the Interview 安排會談環境、Assessing the Patient's PERCEPTION 了解病人已知資訊、Obtaining the Patient's INVITATION 確認病人想知道多少、Giving KNOWLEDGE and Information 提供資訊、Addressing the Patient's EMOTIONS with Empathic Responses 回應情緒、以及 STRATEGY and SUMMARY 總結與後續計畫。
怎麼確認病人真的聽懂了?
不要問是非題。Do you understand 幾乎一定會得到 yes,無論對方是否真的理解。有效做法是請病人用自己的話覆述,例如 Could you tell me in your own words what we decided today,或把責任放在自己身上說 Just so I know I did a good job explaining。一篇納入 20 篇研究的系統性回顧指出,teach-back 在其中 19 篇中證實有效。
可以使用 VitalTalk 整理的 NURSE 五種回應:Naming 說出情緒,例如 It sounds like you are frustrated;Understanding 表達理解;Respecting 給予肯定;Supporting 表達支持;Exploring 進一步探問。用 It sounds like 或 I can see 開頭比直接斷定對方的情緒溫和,也保留了修正空間。應避免過早給出保證這類會關閉對話的回應。
聽不懂外籍同事或病人說話時該怎麼辦?
直接請對方調整,不要硬撐。實用句型包括 Sorry, could you say that again a bit more slowly、I want to make sure I got that right, you said X,以及 I am not familiar with that expression, what does it mean in this context。研究指出國際醫學畢業生的語言障礙主要來自口音差異、語速、語調與地方用語,而非字彙量。在醫療現場,確認比面子重要。